What standard applies to untruthfulness allegations during an internal administrative investigation?

• A. Preponderance of the evidence
• B. Beyond a reasonable doubt
• C. Clear and convincing evidence
• D. Probable cause

Answer: (C)

Clear and convincing evidence is the standard used for untruthfulness allegations in internal administrative investigations. This requires proof that is highly probable and produces a firm belief in the truth of the claim, supported by strong, credible evidence such as corroborating testimony and consistent documentary records. It sits between simply more likely than not and beyond a reasonable doubt, offering a balance that protects individuals' reputations while allowing meaningful discipline for integrity issues. A preponderance of the evidence would be a lower threshold not ideal for dishonesty findings, while the criminal standard of beyond a reasonable doubt is too stringent for internal actions. Probable cause, on the other hand, pertains to whether there is a reasonable basis to start the investigation, not to the level of proof needed to conclude an untruthful act.